Cov khoom kim heev nrog cov pob zeb ntuj tsis tuaj yeem them taus txhua tus poj niam. Thiab txhua leej txhua tus xav yuav ib yam dab tsi zoo nkauj. Rau cov hom phiaj no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab cov pob zeb dag los ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim. Nrog kev pab los ntawm nanotechnology, lub iav-ceramic siv lead ua tau tsim. Raws li nws cov ntaub ntawv sab nraud, nws tsis yog qis dua rau ntau lub pob zeb ntuj. Niaj hnub no iav-ceramics ntawm ntau yam xim raug tsim.
History of tshwm sim
Ntau tus neeg txaus siab rau sitall (pob zeb). Qhov no yog dab tsi? Peb tau hnov ntau ntxiv txog cov khoom siv dag zog zirconias, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv hais txog sitalls tsis yog li ntawd. Sitall gemstone yog cov khoom siv iav-ceramic. Txawv teb chaws, thev naus laus zis rau nws cov khoom tsim tau tsim ua ntej (hauv xyoo 1957). Nws belongs rau Asmeskas Donald Stukey. Dow Corning, uas tsim cov crystals, muab lawv lub npe "pyrokers".
Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws Soviet, Isaak Kitaygorodsky tau koom tes hauv kev tsim cov iav-ceramics. Yog, thiab ntau lwm tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tau pab txhawb rau kev tsim cov tshuab siv lead ua. Yog li, sitall (pob zeb) - nws yog dab tsi, qhov twg lub npe no tuaj ntawm? txawv txawvlo lus tau tsim los ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus tshuaj uas ua rau cov siv lead ua no. Los ntawm sicilium (silicon) lawv coj lub suab "si", los ntawm txhuas - lub suab "al", thiab nws tig tawm sitall. Nws yog qhov zoo sib xws rau cov pob zeb volcanic thiab belongs rau high-temperature silicate iav.
Crystal yam ntxwv thiab khoom
Zirkonia hauv nws cov khoom zoo li pob zeb diamond, tab sis lub sitall tau theej hauv qab sapphires thiab emeralds. Nws yog ua los ntawm iav, tab sis muaj qee qhov txawv ntawm lawv. Cov mis siv los tsim cov siv lead ua no yog SiO2, nws zoo ib yam li pob zeb siv lead ua. Nws yog tom kawg uas yog cov khoom siv raw rau quartz iav. sitall (pob zeb) zoo li cas? Ib daim duab ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog no tuaj yeem pom hauv cov duab hauv kab lus. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj thiab tsis ntxeem tau. Yuav ua li cas ntseeg tau yog sitall pob zeb? Cov khoom ntawm cov siv lead ua no nyob ntawm seb nws nyuaj npaum li cas. Thiab nws muaj cov pob zeb me tshaj plaws, yog li nws yog tuab heev, nws yog sib npaug rau hlau. Tsuas yog lub pob zeb diamond surpasses nws nyob rau hauv hardness. Lub pob zeb ua kom sov zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem yaj hauv tsev. Qhov no tau ua tiav ua tsaug rau lithium, aluminium thiab minerals, uas tau nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom xyaw.
Sitall zoo nkauj shimmers, nws yuav luag pob tshab, tiv taus ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yuav ua li cas thiaj li muaj ntau cov crystals sib txuas kom cov pores tsis tsim ntawm lawv?
txheej txheem tsim khoom
iav muaj cov khoom ntuj tsimcrystallize lub sijhawm. Nws yog nws uas tau coj los ua lub hauv paus los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thaum tsim cov iav-ceramic. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom no zoo li iav ceramics. Yuav pib nrog, npaj cov khoom pib - tus nqi. Nws tuaj yeem suav nrog ntau lub nucleators (cov khoom siv kom paub meej). Muaj ntau txhiab daus las me me rau ib lub cubic millimeter.
Tom qab ntawd qhov sib tov zoo li yuav tsum tau yaj. Ua ntej, qhov chaw ntawm lub pob zeb crystallizes, ces qhov kub thiab txias yog nce mus txog rau thaum tshiab aggregates loj hlob nyob ib ncig ntawm nws.
Tom qab ntawd, lub pob zeb qiv nws tus kheej kom txias. Qhov no yog li cas sitall tau txais. Lub pob zeb yog dav siv rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Cov iav-ceramic technology tau siv los nchuav ruby iav rau lub hnub qub Kremlin hauv Moscow.
Sitall siv li cas
Nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw ntxiv rau kev ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog cov pob zeb cuav no siv? Cov khoom ntawm iav-ceramic tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev ntxiv qee cov ntsiab lus rau nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, piv txwv li, xws li: perlite, dolomite, tooj liab, nyiaj. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv lead ua tau siv dav hauv kev siv tshuab engineering. Nws yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev, pob tshab txaus, tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov lo ntsiab muag, tsom iav, lim.
Ua haujlwm zoo rau cov khoom siv hlau txheej. Nrog xws li kev tiv thaiv, cov hlau tsis xeb thiab muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Sitall coated kav yog siv nyob rau hauv cov roj refining kev lag luam.
Pob zeb nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhuas thiab lithium yog siv hauv kev kho hniav (rau kev txhaws).
Nyob ntawm kev dagcrystal
Daim ntawv thov feem ntau yog lub pob zeb cuav no hauv kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Muaj ntau ntau hom sitalls. Ametrine, uas muaj ob xim thiab zoo li amethyst, yog nrov heev. Tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam yog sultanite, uas tuaj yeem hloov xim.
Ntau tus fashionistas txaus siab rau sitall (pob zeb). Nws yog dab tsi, niaj hnub no twb paub ntau tus poj niam. Nyiaj thiab kub hniav nyiaj hniav kub nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm tsis tuaj yeem xav txog yam tsis muaj pob zeb hluavtaws. Sitall "London" - ib lub pob zeb uas zoo li lub grey-xiav topaz nrog ib tug smoky tint. Qhov no nanocrystal khub zoo heev nrog kub thiab nyiaj alloys. Yog hais tias ib tug ntxhais muaj lub teeb tawv nqaij thiab lub ntsej muag xiav, ces lub khob iav "London" yuav haum nws zoo kawg nkaus.
Nws tseem tsim nyog teev cov npe hauv qab no: Madeira citrine, tourmaline, tanzanite, liab marquise, trillion garnet, thiab lwm yam.
Kev xav tau hauv khw muag hniav nyiaj hniav kub
Peb pom, sitall (pob zeb) - nws yog dab tsi. Cov ntxhia hluavtaws tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo hauv nws cov yam ntxwv rau sapphire, xiav topaz, emerald. Nws muaj ib tug heev txawm xim thiab zoo transparency. Sitall muaj lwm qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb - nws zam qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no tso cai rau nws los siv rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, uas yog tsim los ntawm casting. Crystals yog muab tso rau hauv pwm thiab hlau yog poured rau ntawd, rhuab mus rau 1000 degrees. Cubic zirconia tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias: lawv yog deform lossis ploj. Tab sis sitalls ua ib txoj hauj lwm zoo heev nrog xws li kev sim, yog li cubic zirconias muaj qhov hnyavtus neeg sib tw. Cov khoom siv nano siv lead ua tau zoo heev thiab pheej yig.
Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov pob zeb hluavtaws
Muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov pob zeb hluavtaws txog lawv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub dag siv lead ua yog cov analogues ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, tab sis tsim hauv chav kuaj. Cov pob zeb tiag tiag loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, thaum cov khoom siv hluavtaws yog cog qoob loo. Lawv tuaj yeem muab piv rau cov paj uas tau saib xyuas hauv tsev cog khoom. Nyob ntawd lawv loj, ci ntsa iab, tawg rau lub sijhawm ntev. Yog li yog pob zeb: hauv chav kuaj koj tuaj yeem sim nrog xim, muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub zog. Artificially zus crystals nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev inferior rau tej yam ntuj tso sawv daws yuav, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub txawm surpass lawv. Ib tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws yog sitall.
Kev tsim kho hluavtaws ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb kuj suav nrog Swarovski pob zeb, sapphire iav, cubic zirkonia. Lawv yog siv raws li analogues ntawm ntau yam tsawg pob zeb. Pob ntseg, bracelets, rings siv cov ci ntsa iab zoo heev diversified ntau yam ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Txhua tus poj niam yuav zoo siab nrog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub nrog iav-ceramic inserts!
