Gemma yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov duab me me ntawm cov pob zeb xim thiab pob zeb - glyptics. Hom kev kos duab no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Ua tsaug rau cov ntaub ntawv siv, ntau yam tsis tshua muaj nqis los rau peb hauv kev nyab xeeb tiav. Lub pov haum nrog cov duab tob yog hu ua "intaglia", nrog cov duab convex - "cameo".
Cov duab uas cov neeg carers siv rau lub pob zeb yuav txawv heev. Feem ntau, cov no yog cov duab ntawm cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej, tsiaj, noog, tub rog scenes los yog allegorical paintings.
Cov qauv qub tshaj plaws ntawm lawv tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Iziv thiab Mesopotamia. Lub pov haum qub tshaj plaws nrog cov duab tob hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 4th BC. e. Thawj cameos tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm 4th-pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 3rd. BC e. Feem ntau lawv tau carved ntawm sardonyx los yog ntau txheej agate, qhov twg dawb thiab xim av kab txaij hloov, uas cov craftsmen txawj siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov hauj lwm. Qhov tshwm sim ntau xim txawv txawv cov cameos los ntawm Egyptian intaglios.
Lub pov haum thaum chiv keeb yog siv los ua amulets lossis hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Maj mam, lawv pib depict lub cim ntawm tus tswv. Hauv Egypt thiab Mesopotamia gemma nrogib qho duab tob pib siv los ntawm kev luam ntawv, uas tsis yog siv rau cov ntawv xwb. Nws tau cim nrog lub qhov rooj ntawm lub tsev, lub hauv siab nrog cov cuab yeej, amphorae nrog cawv, vim cov xauv thiab cov yuam sij tsis paub. Cov Greeks thiab Loos siv lub pov haum nkaus xwb rau cov ntaub ntawv. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm kev cai lij choj ntawm Solon, muaj kev txwv tsis pub carvers tawm ntawm prints los ntawm cov ua seals kom lawv tsis txhob forged.
Pob zeb yog cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm kev kos duab, lawv tau khaws kev paub txog kab lis kev cai ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub. Feem ntau lawv tau piav qhia cov ntawv luam ntawm cov duab kos duab nto moo thiab cov duab puab, ntau yam uas tsis tau tuaj txog peb. Tsuas yog intaglios thiab cameos tau khaws cia lub tswv yim ntawm lawv. Antique gems depicted patron gods, ncaws pob, lam, scenes ntawm yos hav zoov, tsov rog thiab kev thaj yeeb lub neej, portraits ntawm pej xeem cov duab, artists thiab sau ntawv.
Intaglia yog ib qho khoom khaws cia txij li lub ntiaj teb thaum ub. Ib tug cameo, uas yog, lub pov haum nrog cov duab convex, tsuas yog suav hais tias yog khoom kim heev. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog poj niam cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub: brooches, pendants, rings, tag nrho necklaces tau sib sau los ntawm lawv. Maj mam txhim kho cov txheej txheem carving. Ntau lub pov haum yog amulets tiag tiag. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau ntau pua xyoo dhau los ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws, thaum kev ntseeg pagan tau hloov los ntawm cov ntseeg.
Gems kuj muaj nuj nqis nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv pej xeem lub neej. Hauv Iran, lub shah, pom zoo ib tug courtier rau ib tug tub rog, pej xeem los yog lub pov thawj hwj txoj hauj lwm, nyiam lub regalia ntawm lub hwj chim: ib tug siv, lub kaus mom thiab ib lub nplhaib nrog lub foob, uas yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv lag luam, xaj thiab ntawv.
Persian thiab Arab keeb kwm feem ntau tau piav qhia txog cov nplhaib no. Nws tau ntseeg tias lub pov haum nrog cov duab hauv qhov tob tuaj yeem muaj lub hwj chim mystical thiab tuaj yeem hloov txoj hmoo. Nws yog ib qho kev phem heev uas ua rau lub pob zeb puas tsuaj.
Nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, glyptics poob rau hauv kev poob qis, nws lub hnub qub tseem poob rau ntawm Renaissance thiab txuas ntxiv mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Tab sis txawm niaj hnub no, lub gemma tsa tau siv los ua ib qho kev zoo nkauj feminine adornment.
