Qhia txog lawv tus kheej, sawv tawm thiab nyiam lwm tus, kev sib deev ncaj ncees sim cov plaub hau stylish, khau kim, manicures thiab thawj cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Ntau tus xaiv cov qhwv ntsej kim thiab cov nplhaib ua los ntawm kub thiab nyiaj nrog cov hlau zoo nkauj. Lwm tus nyiam cov khoom nrog kub lossis txias enamel. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub no suav tias yog ib qho tshwj xeeb. Ua cov txheej txheem kub enamel yog suav tias yog kev ua haujlwm zoo nkauj. Cov kws txawj ntse ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tsis tuaj yeem nrog nws.
Ntau yam hniav nyiaj hniav kub
Enamel cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog qhov txawv ntawm nws qhov tshwj xeeb sophistication thiab kev zoo nkauj. Niaj hnub no, classic, avant-garde, ultra-modern rings thiab tsej ua los ntawm cov nyiaj thiab kub, decorated nrog enamel, yog nyob rau hauv lub ncov ntawm muaj koob meej. Ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem qub no, craftsmen tso tiag tiag tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab rau bracelets thiab pendants, tsim nyog qhuas.
Jewellers suav nrog cov tswv yim muaj tswv yim thiab kev paub dhau los, sib txuas cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo nkauj. ximqhov ntau ntawm cov khoom no tuaj yeem sib txawv. Enamel tsis tsuas yog ntxiv cov khoom siv tes ua, tab sis kuj tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm corrosion thiab mechanical puas. Sij hawm dhau mus, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub no tsis plam lawv qhov ci ntsa iab thiab ci ntsa iab, lawv tsis ntshai ntawm ya raws, kub hloov pauv thiab lub teeb.
Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog qhov qub, hais txog tus kheej ntawm lawv tus poj niam.
Dab tsi yog enameling
Kev tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub npog nrog ib hom glaze tau teeb tsa loj heev. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog xuas tes ua. Nyob rau hauv thawj version, txhua yam khoom yog txawv los ntawm lwm yam, yog li ntawd lawv yeej tsis rov qab.
Cov kws tshaj lij hu ua enameling txheej iav uas melts yooj yim ntawm cov hlau nto. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm glaze yuav txawv. Muaj ob peb txoj hauv kev los kho cov tshuaj.
History of tshwm sim
Enamel tau siv rau cov khoom lag luam txawm tias cov neeg Lavxias thaum ub. Lawv hu nws finift. Nws tau dai kom zoo nkauj tsis tau tsuas yog nrog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub xwb, tab sis kuj siv rau kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua: lawv dai kom zoo nkauj tais, goblets, caskets, caskets.
Cov khoom qub tshaj plaws nrog cov glaze qub tau pom hauv Cyprus thaum lub sijhawm khawb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cim ntawm qhov kev muaj tswv yim no tau pom hauv Egypt, Is Nrias teb, Byzantium. Txij li thaum Byzantine faj tim teb chaws muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Kievan Rus, cov txheej txheem no kuj tuaj rau peb cheeb tsam.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 10-11th nyob rau hauv Middle East, ornaments tau siv rau cov tais diav nrog kub enamel. Cov tswv ntawm Byzantine faj tim teb chaws kuj siv nws rau cov tais diav.
Lub hnub qub ntawm enamelling poob rau XII-XVIib puas xyoo. Tom qab ntawd Suav huab tais tau txiav txim kom muab cov hlau ua ke nrog kev sib tsoo. Yog li ntawd enamel pib siv rau tooj liab. Rau qhov no, tsim tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm xiav xim. Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem hauv xiav tones tau los ua cov cuab yeej ntawm Suav siv kos duab. Cov txheej txheem suav enameling yog nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Cov qauv nyob rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej npog tsis yog tsuas yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub thawv, saucers, khob, vases, tsom iav.
Tom qab ntawd, daim ntawv thov kub enamel pib siv tsis yog rau cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj xwb, tab sis kuj ua rau cov cim icons, iav, nyiaj hli nrog nws. Nyob rau hauv lub 19th-20th centuries, lub Art Nouveau style tau nrov, thaum kho kom zoo nkauj thiab cov khoom siv dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kos duab glaze. Chemistry tau txav mus deb dhau lawm, thiab ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov kws tshaj lij tau tsim tag nrho cov palette ntawm cov xim enamel.
Cloisonne hniav nyiaj hniav kub kub enamel
Cov txheej txheem zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm cov enamel kub yog cloisonné. Ua ntej, tus qauv yog siv rau tooj liab, nyiaj lossis kub phaj siv cov xov hlau nyias. Lawv ua raws li ib hom kev faib ntawm cov xim glaze yog poured.
Nyob rau hnub qub, cov txheej txheem kho kom zoo nkauj no tau siv los hloov cov pob zeb zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, muaj minankari hniav nyiaj hniav kub, nyob rau hauv uas enamel variegation yog ua ke nrog precious pob zeb. Cov neeg Hindus ntxiv cov khoom siv hlau ntxiv los yog caum.
Suav cloisonné enamel yog qhov piv txwv. Cov duab zoo li cas koj yuav tsis pom ntawm cov qauv no! Ntawm no yog tej yam yees siv me me tsiaj, paj, petals, bunches ntawm grapes, ornate qauv. Ntau tus tau txaus siab rau enamel pem teb vases los ntawm Tuam Tshoj!
Stained glass enamel belongs rau cov txheej txheem muab faib. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ob glazes no zoo sib xws heev. Cov qhov khoob hauv cov khoom dai nrog cov xaim yog ntim nrog cov enamel ntub dej. Tom qab ntawd cov khoom yog qhuav thiab raug rho tawm haujlwm. Yuav kom tau txais cov qauv ntau xim, txhua qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm glaze raug rho tawm nyias hauv lub qhov cub muffle. Qhov tshwm sim fused enamel zoo li iav.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem iav stained thiab cov txheej txheem cloisonne yog tias yav dhau los muaj cov qauv pob tshab thaum tsa rau lub teeb. Lub cloisonne enamel muaj lub hauv paus hlau, yog li nws tsis pom los ntawm.
champlevé enamelling
Qhov qub tshaj plaws thiab yooj yim tshaj plaws los tsim khoom yog champlevé enamel, lossis "champlevé". Nws muaj nyob rau hauv tsim grooves nyob rau hauv cov hlau. Lub frosting nws tus kheej yog ib qho yooj yim mus thov. Nrog nws cov kev pab, cov xim engravings yog ua, nrog rau cov dluab grandiose nrog alternating hlau thiab enamel.
Feem ntau cov tooj liab yog siv los ua cov hlau pib, vim nws yog mos thiab yooj yim rau recesses hauv nws. Lawv qhov tob yuav txawv, xim saturation nyob ntawm nws. Rau zus tau tej cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, twb stamped blanks nrog recesses yog siv, rau hauv uas enamel ntawm txawv ntxoov tsuas yog poured.
pob tshab lossis dhau los ntawm enamel
Qhov glaze no yog siv rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub nrog cov hlau zoo nkauj. Nws tuaj yeem yog kub, platinum, nyiaj. Xws li cov hlau npog nrog pob tshab enamel yuav ci los ntawm nws thiab ci ntsa iab heev. Cov xim ntawm cov khoom yuav muaj kua heev. Cov hlau nyob rau hauv cov pob tshab glaze tsis tarnish thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm txhua yam puas.puas.
Dab ntxwg nyoog enamel
Qhov glaze no tseem hu ua opaque. Siv nws rau tooj liab thiab tompak. Silent los yog opal enamels muaj ntau yam xim, kom cov hlau hloov nrog cov xim ntawm glaze.
Muaj ib yam ntxiv ntawm kev txhais lus thiab lag ntseg enamelling. Ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub teeb tshwm sim, nws hloov ntawm pob tshab mus rau opal, zoo ib yam li kev ua si ntawm lub teeb nrog kev hloov pauv.
Hot enamel technology
Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kub enamel tau siv sijhawm ntev, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua lawv suav tias yog siv sijhawm. Hom enameling no yog tus thawj coj hauv kev tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab lwm yam khoom. Xws li glaze yog ruaj khov rau cov khoom, vim nws yog ci hauv qhov cub tshwj xeeb (muffle) thiab khaws cia ntawm qhov kub ntawm 600-800 ° C. Cov khoom no yog txias, ntxuav thiab polished.
Thaum pom thawj zaug, cov txheej txheem zoo li yooj yim, tab sis kev ua siab ntev rau rooj plaub no yuav tsis mob. Nyob rau hauv nws thawj daim ntawv, lub enamel muaj daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hmoov. Nws suav nrog tshwj xeeb xaiv cov khoom siv: quartz xuab zeb, chalk, feldspar, av nplaum. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv no muaj pes tsawg leeg yog dej qab zib, borax, potash thiab excipients. Lub xub ntiag ntawm dyes, oxidizers, opalants nyob rau hauv nws yuav tsum tau kom tau ib tug opal xeev.
Ua ntej, hauv ib lub thawv tshwj xeeb, dilute cov hmoov enamel nrog dej rau qhov ntom ntawm qaub cream. Tom qab ntawd qhov loj no ua rau thaj chaw xav tau ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Ua ntej yuav tua, cov khoom yog qhuav kom tso pa npuas. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, enamel fuses thiab ua zoo li iav(pob tshab lossis lag ntseg). Tom qab ntawd cov khoom siv tes ua polished thiab raug rov ua dua. Qhov kawg tshwm sim yog lub ntsej muag zoo kawg nkaus.
Rau ntau xim thiab cloisonne glazes, tua yog ua kom nruj sib hloov. Dawb enamel raug rho tawm haujlwm ntev tshaj plaws, ua raws li paj yeeb thiab xiav. Tom qab ntawd sau cov hlwb nrog ntsuab thiab dub glaze. Liab glaze suav hais tias tsis tshua muaj cua sov, nws yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hnub nyoog.
Cov enamel loj yog nchuav heev sib npaug kom ua rau qhov tsis zoo. Nyob ntawm qhov nyuaj, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kub enamel tuaj yeem raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm 5 mus rau 100 zaug. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los saib xyuas lub sijhawm tua hluav taws thiab qhov kub thiab txias heev. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb masterpieces tau txais, uas muaj nyob hauv ib daim ntawv xwb.
Nyob txias enameling
Cold enamel yog hom fiberglass, nws yooj yim rau kev thov. Muaj peb hom khaub thuas enamelling:
- Ob lub ntsiab lus txias txias. Nws yog tsuas yog poured rau kho kom zoo nkauj. Ua ntej, qhov loj yog diluted mus rau qhov sib xws ntawm cov qab zib los ntawm kev ntxiv cov catalyst rau nws. Tom qab ntawd, siv ib lub cuab yeej, nws yog siv rau ib tug hlau nto. Txhawm rau kom cov sib tov sib xyaw kom tawv, nws yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau 48 teev ntawm chav tsev kub, tom qab ntawd nws khaws cia ntawm qhov kub ntawm 70 ° C rau 20 teev. Qhov saum npoo yuav zoo li ceramic. Cov xim ntawm cov glaze no tuaj yeem sib xyaw.
- Kub curing glaze. Nws zoo ib yam li cov dej kub, tab sis raug rho tawm ntawm qhov kub ntawm 160 ° C. Ib tug txawv feature yog hais tias nws tsis yog polished, thiaj li tsis mus tawm matte cim rau nws. Qhov glaze no tsis muaj zog heev. Yog tias koj nias nyuaj rau nws nrog ib yam dab tsi, cesyuav ncaim mus.
- Lub teeb kho tau sau. Cov txheej txheem no zoo ib yam li kev sau cov hniav nrog kua muab tshuaj txhuam. Daim ntawv thov glaze yog irradiated nrog ib tug ultraviolet teeb, tom qab uas cov enamel hardens. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov txheej txheem no, chips ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub feem ntau yog kho. Lub teeb-kho sib tov yog ib qho nyuaj heev, suav hais tias yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm txias thiab kub enamel.
Tricks xaiv cov khoom zoo
Enamelling yog txheej txheem mob siab rau, yog li kev kho kom zoo nkauj hauv cov txheej txheem no tsis pheej yig. Lawv suav hais tias yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws. Thaum muas cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub nrog enamel, koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov muaj cov kab nrib pleb, chips, khawb, npuas. Kub yog qhov haum tshaj plaws rau nws, vim nws tsis deform thaum rhuab. Sterling nyiaj kub enamel tsej saib zoo. Copper gizmos kuj zoo sib xws nrog vitreous glaze. Kev cia thiab hnav cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yuav tsum muaj cov cai hauv qab no:
- tsis txhob nthuav tawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub rau qhov cuam tshuam, tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam nrog cov khoom hlau thiab qhov chaw;
- saib seb qhov kub hloov pauv kom tsis txhob tshav ntuj ncaj qha;
- tso rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tom qab thov pleev;
- zam kev sib cuag nrog tshuaj;
- so cov enamel nrog ib daim ntaub mos;
- Tshem cov qhwv ntsej thiab cov nplhaib nrog glaze ua ntej mus rau hauv pas dej, da dej, da dej;
- xaiv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub los ntawm cov npe nrov (Sokolov, Hnub Ci).
Qhov txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias enamel
Kub enamelntau ruaj thiab tus nqi rau nws yog siab dua rau ib tug txias. Nyob rau hauv txias enamelling, muaj lwm txoj kev - enamel. Tom qab nws daim ntawv thov, nws kis tau ntau xim, zoo li roj av ntawm dej. Nws hloov tawm cov xim peculiar stains.
Kub nchuav ntau dua vim nws muaj zog. Nyob rau enamel txias, muaj irregularities, vim nws tsis polished. Tseem kub, cov icing ci ntsa iab.
Cov khoom sib xyaw txias kuj muaj qhov zoo. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm simplicity, unpretentiousness, plasticity. Rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tsis xav tau cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Txias enameling yog haum rau tag nrho cov alloys.
Enamel ntawm kub thiab nyiaj
Cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm kub thiab nyiaj hniav nyiaj hniav kub nrog enamel ua rau lub siab ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws ntawm kev zoo nkauj tshee. Ntawm cov kev xaiv loj ntawm qhwv ntsej, rings, bracelets, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov xim muaj kua, faceted gems pleases lub qhov muag. Classics nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm dub thiab dawb kuj yog nyob rau hauv kev niaj hnub no.
Nyiaj pendants, enamel pendants zoo nkaus li masterpiece. Coated rings yog tsim nyob rau hauv loj thiab refined. Qee lub sij hawm lawv yog inlaid nrog pob zeb. Cov txheej txheem qub nrog enamel yuav dhau los ua kev kho kom zoo nkauj rau cov ntxhais ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog thiab xwm txheej. Smooth, txawm tias cov nplhaib zoo li kab tshoob nplhaib, uas siv cov qauv Greek, saib zoo.
Leej twg tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kub
Poj niam cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau lub Czech hniav nyiaj hniav kub hom. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Style Avenue. Czech cov kws tshaj lij tab tom sim nrogcloisonne txias enamelling.
Italian khoom nrog glaze yog nrov. Ntawm no yog cov tuam txhab nto moo tshaj plaws: Damiani, Bulgari, Garavelli. Italian khoom surprise nrog lawv cov duab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm paj, buds thiab butterflies.
Georgian enamel cov khoom hu ua minankari. Cov ntxoov ntxoo nyob rau hauv lawv dhau heev smoothly. Nws yog haum rau pendants thiab rings.
Hnub ci nyiaj hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov saum npoo ntawm cov enamel no yog du heev, thiab cov ornaments yog ua nrog cov kab du.
