Koj puas tau xav tias yog vim li cas kub muaj nuj nqis ntau dua li lwm yam hlau hauv ntiaj teb? Txhua yam ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab kev lag luam, iav ntau lawm, aviation thiab chaw lag luam tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem nyob tsis muaj nws.
Tab sis vim li cas kub thiaj muaj nuj nqis hauv ntiaj teb no? Txhawm rau kom nkag siab qhov no, koj yuav tsum paub txhua yam ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm nws li hlau thiab, yog li ntawd, dab tsi txiav txim siab nws qhov kev faib tawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Kub thiab lub ntiaj teb thaum ub
Kwv yees li 6,000 xyoo dhau los, tib neeg tau pib muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kuv cov kub hauv tebchaws Iziv. Qhov qub tshaj plaws deposit ntawm no precious hlau - Nubia nkaum txog 6,000 tons. Thawj qhov kub tau mined los ntawm kev ntxuav cov xuab zeb los ntawm daim ntaub. Tom qab ntawd ntau txoj kev siv zog siv zog pib siv: cais cov ore los ntawm tag nrho cov pob zeb thiab sib tsoo.
Kub tau siv los ua lag luam txiaj, hlau ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, khoom siv, riam phom thiab armor ntawm tub rog. Txij thaum ancient sij hawm ntawm kev tsim noob neej, cov hlau no tau tshwm sim thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Tshuaj thiabPhysical Properties
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Kub yog cov hlau fusible, thiab yog li cov khoom siv tau tshaj plaws. Melting point - 1064 ° C. Yog tsis muaj cua sov, nws tuaj yeem ua rau hauv ib txheej nrog lub thickness ntawm 0.1 microns. Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog tias nyob rau hauv txhua daim ntawv, cov hlau tuav nws cov khoom muaj nqis. Nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau ib tus kws tshaj lij kws ua haujlwm hlau los ua ib qho, txawm tias cov duab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws los ntawm cov hlau no. Vim lub plasticity no, kub yog siv los npog lub tuam tsev domes thiab txawm los tsim ultra-thin xov hlau rau microcircuits.
Chips thiab kub -
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm physics, cov hlau yog qhov zoo vim tias nws muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab nrog rau nws cov thermal conductivity zoo, nws kuj tseem tiv taus txhua yam ntawm cov txheej txheem oxidative (corrosion, thiab lwm yam). Vim li cas kub muaj nuj nqis hauv kev tshawb fawb, vim tias nws muaj peev xwm los cuam tshuam cov kab hluav taws xob infrared thiab tshwj xeeb lub teeb. Qhov no ua rau kev siv kub hauv qhov glazing ntawm cov dav hlau thiab txhua yam ntawm cov qauv dav hlau, cov kaus mom hlau ntawm cov neeg caij nkoj thiab cov nkoj.
- Vim li cas kub thiaj li muaj nuj nqis los ntawm jewelers? Cov hlau no qiv nws tus kheej zoo rau txhua yam kev ua haujlwm (soldering, polishing, thiab lwm yam), thiab kuj yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv alloys nrog txhua yam. Cov khoom no tau dhau los ua ib qho kev sib cav hnyav rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau tseem ceeb thiab cov khoom siv raw hauv kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
- Raws li tshuaj, kub yog cov hlau tsis muaj zog, txhais tau tias nws tsis hnov mob nrog cov tshuaj ntuj. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog iav amalgam (kub thiab mercury). Yog li ntawd, nws dissolution nyob rau hauv acids yog cais,alkalis, thiab nyob rau hauv txoj cai nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob. Tshwj tsis yog nyob rau hauv "aqua regia" (cov tshuaj uas yog sib tov ntawm nitric thiab hydrochloric acids) ntawm ib daim ntawv concentrated thiab nyob rau hauv ib co lwm yam tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob.
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Kub yog cov hlau tsis muaj zog, uas txhais tau tias lwm qhov ntawm nws qhov zoo yog tias nws tuaj yeem txo tau yooj yim rau cov hlau ntshiab los ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw. Piv txwv li, tsuas yog 800 ° C txaus rau amalgam.
kub hauv tshuaj
Txhua yam khoom uas tau piav saum toj no qhia meej tias tus nqi kub yog dab tsi. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, tib neeg muaj txawm tias kho cov khoom nrog cov hlau no. Nws tau ntseeg tias nws tuaj yeem kho txhua tus neeg mob: txo qhov mob, kho kev ua xua, txhim kho kev nco, ua kom muaj zog thiab tshem tawm cov teebmeem ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Ntxiv mus, nws tsis tsim nyog los ua cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, nws yog txaus kom hnav cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Qee tus kws kho mob ntseeg tias cov hlau no tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej ntev.
Vim li cas kub thiaj muaj nuj nqis rau niaj hnub no? Cov neeg ua raws li kev siv tshuaj kho mob kuj tseem ntseeg hais tias nws yuav pab tau cov neeg uas muaj teeb meem nrog lub siab, lub plawv, tawv nqaij, lub cev xeeb tub, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas thiab lwm yam kab mob raws caij nyoog, vim tias cov hlau tseem ceeb no tua cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob.
Kuj nyob rau hauv cosmetology, cov khoom uas muaj ib feem ntawm colloidal kub muaj qhov zoo.
Dab tsi ua rau cov khoom kub xim
Jewelers hu cov khoom hauvkub ntshiab. Vim lub fact tias nws yog mos thiab deformation, nws tsis yog siv rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub smelting. Tab sis txhawm rau txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom, muab cov xim tshwj xeeb thiab luster, cov kub ntshiab yog siv rau hauv cov alloys. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov xim daj, nws yog tov nrog cov nyiaj thiab tooj liab, liab - nrog cov tooj liab ntau, dawb - nrog palladium, platinum thiab npib tsib xee (cov alloy no suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis cov npib tsib xee tsis tshua siv, vim nws tuaj yeem ua rau. kev tsis haum tshuaj). Rhodium kuj tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov txheej nyias kom muab cov xim dawb rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kom muaj zog ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom tiv thaiv corrosion.
Kuv xaiv xim dab tsi ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub
Rose thiab daj kub tau suav tias yog qib qis thiab yuav luag tsis tsim nyog rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub nrog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, Rose kub yog heev nrov, nws muaj koob meej yog vim lub fact tias nws zoo nkauj thiab muaj ib tug kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi.
Cov hlau uas kim tshaj plaws thiab kim tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsev neeg sab saud yog kub dawb. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev thiab, vim muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov nyiaj thiab palladium, tus nqi ncaj ncees.
Hais lus los ntawm kev pom kev zam, ob qho tib si dawb thiab daj kub yog tib yam tam sim no, raws li kev tsim cov khoom, thiab tsis yog xim lossis hnyav ntawm cov hlau, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.
Kev cais kub (lub tswvyim ntawm kev zoo)
Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tsis yog nyob ntawm cov xim, tab sis txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tawg, uas yog, cov nyiaj kub uas muaj nyob hauv cov alloy.
Vim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tsis yog ua los ntawm ntshiabkub, thiab los ntawm alloys nrog ntau yam hlau, koj yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj iodine, mercury thiab chlorine.
Ntau tus tswv ua haujlwm nrog cov hlau no, ntau yam ntawm nws tshwm sim. Koj puas paub qhov kub twg muaj nqis tshaj?
Ua li no, txhua yam hniav nyiaj hniav kub muaj qhov cim, piv txwv li, yog tias muaj 500 lub cim rau ntawm nws, qhov no txhais tau tias cov khoom muaj 50% kub ntshiab. Raws li, tus qauv siab dua, tus nqi siab dua.
Ib lo lus nug ncaj ncees tshwm sim: tus qauv kub twg muaj nqis dua? 999 yog lub cim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau. Tab sis nws tsis yog siv los ntawm jewelers. Nws tau pom nws daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb hauv txheej txheej txhua yam ntawm cov nyiaj thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom, tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm corrosion (tinsel). Tshwj xeeb hauv kev thov los ntawm 585 thiab 750 jewelers.
Sib piv ntawm 585 thiab 750
Nyob hauv tebchaws Russia, cov qauv no yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws, vim tias lawv muaj tus nqi pheej yig-zoo piv, yog li lawv tau nrov nrog coob tus pejxeem ntawm qhov chaw tom qab-Soviet.
Yog hais tias peb tham txog 585, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws yog heev tswv yim nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub, txawm tias koj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv factories.
Tab sis ntau tus neeg xav ntseeg tias ib zaug cov ntsiab lus kub siab dua hauv 750 cov qauv, ces nws yeej zoo dua. Qhov no tsis muaj tseeb. Cov kub ntshiab ntau dua hauv cov khoom, qhov softer nws yog, tsis yog li hnav-resistant, nws tuaj yeem raug puas tsuaj. Feem ntau cov khoom ntawm tus qauv siab yog tsim nyog yuav khoom rau kev ua koob tsheej lossis lwm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb hauv koj lub neej.
Howyuav khoom zoo
Thaum cov lus nug tau raug kaw: "Vim li cas kub muaj nuj nqis?", peb tuaj yeem tham txog yam koj yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau thaum yuav khoom los ntawm cov hlau zoo nkauj no.
Ua ntej, nrhiav cov qauv ntawm cov khoom thiab muab piv nrog cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yuav tsum muaj lub cim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom - ib hom kev lees paub ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov tseeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob hnov qab xyuas tag. Nws muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog txog cov khoom, chaw tsim khoom, muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhov hnyav, thiab lwm yam.
Ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Xyuas kom tseeb tias tag nrho cov fastenings thiab soldering cov ntsiab lus yog zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj qhov tsis sib xws lossis cov lus hais tsis zoo hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
