Jewellers feem ntau siv cov pob zeb ntuj sib txawv, suav nrog sapphires, los ua lawv cov khoom. Qee tus ntawm lawv yog cov hauv paus chiv keeb, lwm tus yog cov khoom tsim, tab sis lawv cov khoom zoo ib yam li cov pob zeb ntuj.
Sapphire yog dab tsi?
Sapphire yog ib hom corundum ntxhia. Lub gemstone tuaj yeem muaj xim sib txawv ntawm xiav. Raws li lawv cov kev faib tawm, jewelers faib tag nrho cov pob zeb uas tsis yog liab li sapphires - xiav, daj, ntsuab, txiv kab ntxwv, dub. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws cov xim tshwm nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm cov ntxhia. Piv txwv li, muaj ib tug golden sapphire, ib tug tsis muaj kob sapphire, thiab lwm yam.
Cov ntxhia muaj xim nplua nuj heev. Ntxiv rau qhov zoo nkauj xiav hue, muaj corundums ntawm paj yeeb-txiv kab ntxwv, txiv kab ntxwv, ntsuab, xim tsis muaj xim. Cov xim ntawm pob zeb nyob ntawm chromophore impurities.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws sapphire yog cornflower xiav. Cov pob zeb tsaus nti muaj nuj nqis tsawg dua. Cov neeg uas tsis paub nug lawv tus kheej cov lus nug: "Puas yog sapphire lub pov haum lossis tsis?". Cov pob zeb muaj xim zoo nkauj -muaj nuj nqis. Tab sis lawv raug nqi ntau dua li ruby. Ntau dhau saturated los yog vice versa faded cov neeg sawv cev yog heev pheej yig. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm rubies thiab sapphires tau pom tsuas yog hauv 1800 hauv Tebchaws Europe.
Blue corundum
Sapphire tsis yog pob zeb zoo tib yam. Raws li peb tau sau tseg lawm, nws tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm ntau qhov ntxoov ntxoo. Dab tsi yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws thiab nto moo sapphire? Tau kawg, xiav. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nws yog nrog no ntxoov ntxoo uas lub pob zeb yog txuam nrog, nws yog heev nyuaj rau nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Lub ntuj xiav ntxhia hu ua corundum. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xim no zais ntau qhov ntxoov ntxoo: lub teeb xiav, tsaus, yuav luag tsis muaj xim, yuav luag dub.
Lub pob zeb suav tias yog xiav yog tias nws muaj tsis pub tshaj 15% ntawm lwm qhov ntxoov ntxoo. Txwv tsis pub, nws yog hu ua fantasy los yog ntsuab-xiav. Heev feem ntau nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nrhiav tau ib khub ntawm pob zeb, lawv yog li tshwj xeeb. Cov xim siv ntawm xiav corundum sib txawv nyob ntawm seb cov ntsiab lus xws li titanium thiab hlau. Qhov ntau ntawm lawv, qhov tob dua thiab ci dua xim xiav. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, corundums tsaus heev muaj nuj nqis qis dua. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws sapphire yog ntuj xiav lossis cornflower xiav.
pob zeb daj
Yellow sapphire kuj tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej, thiab yog li ntawd, ntawm tus nqi, nws tsis yog qhov qis dua rau pob zeb xiav pob zeb. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xws li lub pob zeb muaj ntau yam ntxoov ntxoo: los ntawm daj ntseg daj mus rau ci amber. Qee lub sij hawm lub sapphire muaj xim tsis muaj zog uas nws suav tias tsis muaj xim.
Yellow corundums tseem ceeb heev rau sab hnub tuajkev ntseeg. Nws tsis pom zoo kom hnav nws ntau zaus, thiab yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas qhov tsis xws luag. Nws ntseeg tias lub pob zeb daj uas muaj qhov tsis zoo me ntsis yuav tsum tsis txhob hnav ntawm lub cev.
Lwm ntxoov ntxoo
pob zeb dub yog qhov tshwm sim me ntsis. Lawv tuaj yeem yog translucent lossis opaque. Cov ntsej muag ntawm cov sapphires ci ntsa iab thiab ci ntsa iab. Lub pob zeb loj tshaj plaws puas tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov yog xim dub. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub nrog cov sapphires tsaus nti zoo nkaus li nruj thiab nruj.
Tseem muaj xim tsis muaj xim lossis dawb sapphires. Lawv muaj qhov pom tseeb zoo, thiab yog li ntawd lawv feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog pob zeb diamond. Jewellers, ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, feem ntau decorate lawv nrog sapphires thiab pob zeb diamond.
Qhov chaw yug ntawm liab sapphires yog Madagascar thiab Sri Lanka. Feem ntau xws li pob zeb muaj qhov muag heev thiab tsis pom kev ntxoov ntxoo. Pink sapphires yog nrov heev, zoo li cov pob zeb diamond ntawm tib lub xim, tsuas yog lawv raug nqi ntau heev.
pob zeb ntsuab
Green sapphire yog qhov txawv tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho nws cov counterparts. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws tsis yog ntshiab ntsuab corundum. Nws tau txais nws cov xim los ntawm kev thov ib qho ntxoov ntxoo rau lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv lub microscope, koj tuaj yeem pom meej tias cov kab txaij daj thiab xiav pob zeb hloov pauv.
Padparadscha
Padparadscha kuj yog qhov ntxoov ntxoo txawv heev. Nws tuaj yeem yog daj lossis txiv kab ntxwv nrog ib qho lus qhia ntawm liab. Cov kws tshaj lij pom tias nws nyuaj rau piav qhia meej nws cov xim, vim nws tau nqus ntau qhov ntxoov ntxoo. Conventionally, jewelers paub qhov txawv txiv kab ntxwv sapphires nyob rau hauvib pawg cais, hu lawv "padparaja", uas yog txhais los ntawm Sinhala li "lotus xim".
Vim li cas sapphire muaj nuj nqis?
Kev txiav txim qhov zoo nkauj ntawm sapphires, lawv feem ntau muab piv rau lub hnub teeb lossis kub kub. Jewelers ntsuam xyuas corundum los ntawm brightness, saturation thiab xim xim. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov pob zeb xiav. Cov xim ntawm corundum plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Thiab tsuas yog nrog kev pom ntawm padparadscha tag nrho cov txheej txheem no tsis tseem ceeb. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lawv yog ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntxoov ntxoo.
Txhawm rau txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas cov pob zeb txawv txawv no zoo dua, cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo kom qhuas nws hauv qhov tsaus ntuj, piv txwv li, thaum hnub poob thiab hnub tuaj. Cov lus qhia no kuj siv tau rau xiav sapphires.
Qhov tseeb nthuav yog vim muaj xim kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 20th, cov zaub mov liab-txiv kab ntxwv feem ntau hu ua rubies. Txawm li cas los xij, piv nrog rubies, padparadzhi muaj qhov pom tseeb dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsis tshua muaj peev xwm los hla tej yam ntuj tso. Nws yog vim li no lawv feem ntau txiav ntau dua li cabochonized (polished).
Star sapphire
Nov yog lub npe muaj txiaj ntsig thiab zoo nkauj ntau yam. Txawm tias tsis yog cov pob zeb uas qhia tau hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov neeg sawv cev ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws, nyob rau hauv uas lub hnub qub nrog kaum ob lub hnub qub pom meej meej, tau kwv yees ntawm tus nqi zoo heev. Kev tsim cov hnub qub hauv pob zeb yog hu ua cov nyhuv asterism, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv sab hauv ntawm lub pob zeb: titanium oxide molecules impregnate pob zeb hauv paus.
StarSapphire tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam ntxoov ntxoo. Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias lub hauv paus ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av yog aluminium oxide, uas yog xim tsis muaj xim. Tab sis txawv ntxoov ntawm pob zeb muab txhua yam impurities. Piv txwv li, ib qho ntxhia nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm vanadium thiab hlau yog xim liab-daj.
Purple, lilac thiab violet sapphires tau txais los ntawm kev nce ntxiv ntawm vanadium. Hlau ua rau cov ntxhia ntsuab, tab sis cov xim liab tau txais vim muaj ntau tshaj ntawm chromium. Lub hnub qub-zoo li tus lossis cov sapphires dub dhau los ua rau lub cev tsis huv.
History of the Stone
Nws ntseeg tau tias sapphires tau pom thawj zaug nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia. Cov neeg xav tsis thoob los ntawm lub zog ntawm cov tsiaj. Lub pob zeb hu ua corundum. Thiab rau hnub no nws yog hu ua li ntawd los ntawm jewelers. Tab sis nyob rau hauv mineralogy, corundum yog ib lub pob zeb ntawm tshwj xeeb xiav xim. Corundum ntawm txhua qhov ntxoov ntxoo feem ntau hu ua sapphire, tsuas yog cov pob zeb liab liab hu ua ruby.
Tau ntev lub pob zeb hu ua txawv: azure yahont, baus. Sapphires yog ntawm plaub lub pob zeb zoo tshaj plaws.
Nyiaj
Tsis yog tag nrho cov pob zeb sapphire tsim cov pob zeb zoo sib xws thiab zoo nkauj. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws corundum yog mined hauv Is Nrias teb (Jammu thiab Kashmir) ntawm qhov siab ntawm 4 km. Mining tau ua txij li xyoo 19th los ntawm tes. Ntxiv mus, kev ua haujlwm tsuas yog plaub lub hlis ib xyoos xwb, thaum tsis muaj daus. Muaj ob peb Kashmiri sapphires nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, tab sis lawv tus nqi siab.
Kwv yees li 25% feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov corundum yog mined hauv Australia thiab ua tiav hauv Bangkok. Hauv Sri Lanka, lub teeb xiav sapphires raug mined. Cov pob zeb ntsuab yog cov neeg Thaib los yog Neeg Qhab Meem. Tseem muaj qhov tso nyiaj ntawm sapphires hauv Tanzania, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Nyab Laj, Burma. Corundum kuj tseem muaj nyob rau ntawm Kola Peninsula thiab Urals, tab sis, hmoov tsis, cov pob zeb no tsis tuaj yeem siv rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Siv pob zeb
Vim tias sapphires yog pob zeb muaj txiaj ntsig, lawv tau nquag siv hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Tab sis leucosapphires (los yog kho qhov muag sapphires) tau nquag siv hauv ophthalmology rau kev tsim cov iav lo ntsiab muag, rau kev tsim cov iav thiab cov ntxaij vab tshaus. Pob zeb kuj tau siv hauv kev kho hniav thiab tshuab laser.
pob zeb nto moo
History paub tsis muaj ntau yam zoo heev corundums. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog ib lub pob zeb ntawm Ceylon keeb kwm, muab tso rau hauv ib lub pob zeb diamond brooch, uas yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv Russia Pob Zeb Diamond Fund. Qhov hnyav ntawm sapphire yog 258 carats (kwv yees li 51.6 g).
Rau lub sijhawm ntev heev, lub pob zeb uas yog tus kav tebchaws Burmese tau suav tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws txiav corundum. Nws hnyav 951 carats. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau tib lub tebchaws Burma hauv xyoo 1966, pom tsis tau txiav corundum hnyav 12.6 kg (630 txhiab carats) tau pom. Lub sapphire muaj ib tug stunningly zoo nkauj xiav hue thiab muaj ib tug asterism (ib pawg hnub qub). Tab sis nws qhov loj me tau dhau los ntawm sapphire pom hauv Sri Lanka, uas hnyav 19 kg.
Synthetic pob zeb
Ntau yam pob zeb ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb, suav nrog cov sapphires hluavtaws, tau siv dav hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Txawm hais tias muaj keeb kwm txawv, cov pob zeb muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam.
Thawj zaug sim kom tau txais cov khoom cuav corundumstau ua txij thaum ub los. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb hluavtaws hnub rov qab mus rau 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua XIX.
Artificial sapphires tau loj hlob raws li ntuj corundum los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom siv hluavtaws. Ntau ntau txoj kev tsim khoom tau siv ntau xyoo, txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tau zoo sib xws, vim tias cov sapphires degraded feem ntau tau txais. "Nws yog dab tsi?" suab zoo li ib lo lus nug zoo kawg nkaus. Declassed pob zeb yog ib yam khoom uas tsis zoo uas tsis tau raws li qhov tsim nyog. Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no tau ua kom tsis txhob ua yuam kev hauv kev tsim cov sapphires. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txhim kho tas li ua rau lawv lub zog, pob tshab thiab xim.
Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm sapphires, cov kws tshaj lij muab cov qhab nia siab rau cov pob zeb hluavtaws. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, xws li corundums muaj tib yam khoom raws li ntuj tsim. Vim li no, lawv tau nquag siv hauv kev tsim cov watches, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm semiconductors. Tsuas yog ib tus neeg paub txog jeweler lossis tus kws tshaj lij xws li gemologist tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm lub pob zeb los ntawm ib qho khoom tsim. Thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, yam tsis muaj qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tsuas yog ua tsis tau.
Nyob zoo
Sapphires ntseeg tau tias muaj cov khoom zoo. Piv txwv li, lawv pab cov poj niam mob, thiab tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv. Sapphires txo qhov mob hawb pob, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm kho tau tus kab mob no. Corundum kuj tseem pab nrog cov teeb meem dermatological, mob taub hau, kab mobpob ntseg.
Magical Properties
Sapphires tau txuas nrog cov khawv koob ntev ntev, thiab cov pob zeb lawv tus kheej tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog cov khoom muaj yees. Nws tau ntseeg tias lawv cov tswv tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus dag ntawm qhov tseeb. Sapphires ua rau ib tug poj niam ntxim nyiam, thiab muab cov txiv neej kev ntseeg siab thiab kev txiav txim siab. Pob zeb ntxiv dag zog rau kev sib yuav, muab cov tswv kev zoo siab, kev xyiv fab, kev zoo siab thiab kev ua siab zoo. Sapphires yog lub cim ntawm kev ua qia dub, kev phooj ywg thiab kev mob siab rau.
