Kom txuag tau nyiaj, ntau tus neeg ua lawv tus kheej cov nyiaj. Cia peb kawm paub cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cuab yeej technology, kev xaiv rau kev siv cov hlau tiav.
Yog tias koj tsis ntseeg koj lub peev xwm, nws yog qhov zoo dua los yuav cov pasta npaj thiab tsis nkim sijhawm rau kev sim siab.
Yuav ua li cas yog alloy
Nyiaj ntshiab yog cov hlau mos, yog li nws tsis haum rau kev ua haujlwm. Yeej, craftsmen siv cov khoom sib tov uas muaj zinc, npib tsib xee, txhuas, tooj liab, cadmium. Silver solders, ntxiv rau cov nyiaj, suav nrog zinc thiab tooj liab. Lub seam ua nrog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg no muaj zog thiab ruaj khov.
Cov khoom ntawm cov nyiaj, tooj liab, zinc, muaj peev xwm yaj tau siab. Lawv yog siv rau nyiaj solder. Txhawm rau tswj nws qhov feem pua ntawm cov khoom xyaw, GOST 19746 74 tau tsim. Cov khoom muag, qib nyiaj, yeej ib txwm qhia hauv cov lus qhia khoom. Qhov sib koom ua ke tau txais los ntawm txoj kev no muaj zog.
Solder brand PSrMts 37
Silver solder wire (PSrMts 37 thiab PSR-25) yog siv los txuas cov chaw ua los ntawm tooj dag. Daim ntawv rau nws cov khoom siv yog ib daim ntawv ruaj khov. Nws yog txiav rau hauv strips 1.5-2 mm tuab. qhov tsis sib xwsQhov chaw yuav tsum tau koom nrog cov nyiaj solder, muaj peev xwm tiv taus txhua yam deformations thiab vibrations.
tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yog ua raws li kev siv cov nyiaj solder tsim los rau kauj ruam soldering. Muab hais tias lub solder yuav tsum tiv taus kub txog 600 ° C, nws cov khoom yog: 33% cadmium, 30% nyiaj, 16% zinc, 20% tooj liab. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog yooj yim heev, tsis tiv taus vibrations. Los ntawm kev nce cov nyiaj mus rau 52%, cov kua dej sib tov tau txais uas tuaj yeem tiv taus ntau theem soldering.
Ib daim ntawv qhia qub rau brewing nyiaj solder
Cia peb sim seb yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau nyiaj kub hauv tsev. Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev xaiv rau nws cov chaw tsim khoom, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej nuances. Yuav kom tau cov hlau, koj yuav xav tau ib npib (tsib caug kopeck) ntawm 1924, nrog rau tsib kopecks ntawm 1962. Rau kev ua haujlwm koj xav tau: Ingus, nyiaj, roj burner, diav.
Kev tsim cov nyiaj siv lead ua pib nrog cov hlau muaj nuj nqis melting. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv ib npib tsib-kopeck. Txhawm rau ua kom tiav, qhov sib tov yog dov tshaj ib rab diav. Qhov kawg tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw yog nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no yog qhov kub hnyiab ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas xav tau rau cov khoom siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus tswv, uas tsim cov hlau nrog nws tus kheej txhais tes, nchuav nws mus rau hauv Ingus, dov nws tawm yam tsis muaj kev tua. Lub resulting solder muaj ib tug 900 xeem. Thaum soldering, cov flux tshiab yuav tsum tau npaj los xyuas kom meej qhov ua haujlwm zoo. Tus tswv saibqab nplaim taws nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub kom cov seam txawm thiab muaj zog.
Technical work
Rau kev ua haujlwm, cov khoom siv nyiaj siv tau, muaj txog li 80 feem ntawm cov nyiaj, 16 tooj liab, 4 zinc. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub cov khoom lag luam muaj kev txaus siab, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog: 2, 8 qhov chaw ntawm tooj dag, 7 - nyiaj, 0, 2 - zinc. Ua ntej pib ua haujlwm, tooj dag yog ntxuav los ntawm oxide zaj duab xis. Yuav kom tau 10 grams ntawm xws li solder, 999 nyiaj yog yaj. Brass yog ntxiv rau cov kua hlau, sib tov rau hauv ib rab diav. Tom qab ua tiav melting, qhov sib tov yog ua ke nrog zinc, lub resulting muaj pes tsawg leeg yog dov. Tom ntej no, txiav cov dov daim ntawv nrog txiab, hnyav rau ntawm cov nplai. Rau kev tsim khoom, koj xav tau: rab diav, ntawv xuab zeb, roj hlawv, nplai, quav, diav sib tov. Silver solders tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj tooj dag, nyiaj, zinc ntshiab, borax. Rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem solder, nyiaj 94 lossis 96 qauv yog tsim. Koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov hlau zoo li no los ntawm kev hlawv cov khoom siv nyiaj: galloons, braids, brocades.
Smelting solder
Fusing cov hlau uas yog ib feem ntawm kev sib tov, nyiaj solder rau steel yog tau nyob rau hauv lub crucible. Cov gel tau muab tso rau hauv lub forge, tau npaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb: borax, lub thawv nrog dej, sib tov sib xyaw, hlau nuv, crucible. Ua ntej, cov hlau refractory yuav tsum tau yaj, thiab tom qab ntawd cov hlau fusible ntxiv rau qhov sib tov. Ua kom zoo zoo solder nrog koj tus kheej tes, kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob theem. Ua ntej, lub crucible raug tshem tawm ntawm lub hearth, cov hlau yog ua ke nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv ntim nrog dej. Yog li ntawd, muajfine-grained solder poob. Lawv qhuav, tom qab ntawd rov yaj, npog nrog borax. Thaum cov hlau yog tag nrho melted, nws yog poured rau hauv tshwj xeeb pwm. Tom qab hardening, tuav los yog vuas yog dov rau hauv nyias strips. Rau kev siv tom ntej, lawv raug txiav rau ntawm lub tshuab dhos rau hauv ib txoj hlua nyias.
yam ntxwv ntawm nruab nrab melting compositions
Dab tsi yog cov khoom siv nyiaj hauv tsev? Lawv cov khoom zoo ib yam li cov khoom sib xyaw uas tau txais hauv kev lag luam. Lub resulting solders muaj siab zog, corrosion kuj, tsawg melting point, siab thermal conductivity. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, qhov sib xyaw ua kom tiav tag nrho qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw yuav tsum tau soldered, muab ib qho sib npaug thiab ruaj khov. Yog tias koj xav tau ua ib qho alloy ntawm PSP-72 hom, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaum alloyed nrog lithium, lub melting point nrog tooj liab txo. Qhov no muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsim rau brazing steel qhov chaw tiv taus tshuaj corrosion.
Kev npaj ntawm solder tom tsev: nta thiab algorithm
Soldering nrog nyiaj solder hauv tsev kuj tseem cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem rov qab - kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau ua kua rau hauv lub xeev ruaj khov. Ua ntej, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom yaj tag nrho cov nyiaj, ces nws yog cam khwb cia rau hauv lub Ingus. Tag nrho cov hauj lwm yog muab faib ua peb theem: ua ib diav - smelter, ntxiv flux, muab ib tug sib tov nyob rau hauv ib diav, melting cov khoom, muab tso rau hauv lub Ingus.
Muab ib daim duab duab me me rau hauv qab ntawm rab diav, ces ib lub phaj loj me ntsis kom nwsqhwv ib ncig ntawm ntug ntawm rab diav. Tom qab ntawd cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov duab los qhia yog kib nrog cov khoom zoo. Lub txaj yuav tsum yog concave kom ua tiav qhov xav tau. Cov txheej txheem ntawm melting solder tom tsev yog ntev, yog li koj yuav tsum ua siab ntev. Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm tus nqi yog nqa tawm ntawm cov nplais hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Tus kws tsim khoom yuav xav tau cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
- jewelry electronic scales;
- 20g 916 sterling nyiaj seem;
- 875 nyiaj seem;
- sterling nyiaj (12 grams);
- borax;
- solder hlau;
- gas burner
Tag nrho cov sib tov muab faib ua ob peb pawg ntawm 18-20 grams. Nyiaj thiab seem ntawm 875 cov qauv yog sib xyaw. Rau ib lub tshav kub, kwv yees li 6 grams ntawm seem thiab 42% cov hlau ntshiab yuav tsum tau. Nws yog ntxuav ntawm hlau impurities nrog hlau nplaum.
Rau qhov tsim cov khoom siv, 875 nyiaj thiab tooj liab raug coj mus, qhov piv yuav tsum yog 4 mus rau 1 (yuav tsum muaj tsib caug thiab peb lub npib tooj liab). Rau cov flux, ib lub laum yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov ratio ntawm 1 mus rau 10. Tom ntej no, cov nplaim yog kho. Qhov hluav taws kub loj heev tsis pom zoo, qhov no yuav ua rau cov hlau tawg, thiab tsis yog lawv cov yaj. Ib rab diav yog muab tso rau saum lub qhov cub. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm melting, cov xim ntawm nyiaj hloov, nws ntws mus rau hauv qab.
Tom ntej no, Ingus muab tso rau ze ntawm cov nplaim taws kom sov. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws melting, nws yog thawj lubricated nrog ciab. Tsis txhob cia cov yaj kom txias thiab ci, qhov no yuav cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov hlau ua kua yog maj mam hliv rau hauv ib lub rhuab ingus. Tom qab ntawd cov dej txias tso tawm. Tom qab lub bar tau txias tag, rub nws tawm, tig nws raudaim ntawv no. Asbestos lossis cardboard npog siv tau rau 3-5 heats.
kho nyiaj
Zoo nkauj chains, bracelets, tsej, diav rawg, diav, nyiaj coasters decorate ib tug neeg lub neej. Tab sis dhau sij hawm, cov khoom siv hlau muaj txiaj ntsig tau tawg thiab yuav tsum tau kho lossis kho dua tshiab. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm li no, koj yuav xav tau nyiaj solder. Rau 925 cov qauv, koj tuaj yeem ua rau koj tus kheej, siv cov lus qhia ntawm cov kws tshaj lij jewelers. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm, koj yuav xav tau cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov cuab yeej hauv qab no: soldering irons, cov duab tsis tu ncua thiab tsis xwm yeem, solder casting, nyiaj seem. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj los kho cov saw tawg yog coj mus rau lub jeweler. Tab sis yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem hauv tsev, txuag nyiaj. Txhawm rau muab cov nyiaj ntawm koj tus kheej, koj yuav tsum paub txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, thiab kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ntawm cov nyiaj thiab nws cov alloys.
Txoj cai rau cov khoom siv nyiaj
Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom. Lub melting point ntawm nyiaj yog 960 degrees Celsius. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm jewelers, qhov no yog qhov nruab nrab daim duab. Piv txwv li, tooj liab melts ntawm 1083ºС, kub melts ntawm 1063ºС.
Nyob ntawm cov khoom uas ua rau cov nyiaj, lawv qhov kub thiab txias yuav hloov. Txhawm rau kom paub meej cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov alloy, koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntaub ntawv siv tau. Nyiaj cimsolders implies ib tug sequence ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntawv thiab tooj. Cov lej qhia qhov feem pua ntawm cov hlau tsis zoo hauv cov hlau.
Txhawm rau kho cov khoom siv nyiaj, koj yuav tsum tau npaj cov hlau nplaum, ntxuav cov khoom saum npoo. Silver solder tso cai rau koj ua kom muaj zog, nruj seams uas tiv taus corrosion. Thaum kho cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov khoom siv yog siv ntau tshaj 70 feem pua ntawm cov nyiaj, los yog cov tshuaj txhuam tshwj xeeb.
Nyob hauv tsev, cov khoom siv ntawm cov nyiaj, zinc, tooj liab, cadmium yog tsim los kho cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub me me. Cov nram qab no muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav zoo rau "pib pib": 45 qhov chaw ntawm nyiaj, 25 - tooj liab, 30 - zinc. Lub melting ntawm cov khoom yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug muffle furnace, ib tug flux yuav tsum tau. Cov sib tov tiav yog nchuav rau hauv ib lub substrate, tom qab txias, nws yog dhau los ntawm lub tshuab dov kom tau cov nplooj nyias nyias. Lawv thickness yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 0.5 hli. Rau tsev soldering, cov nplooj ntawv yog xav tau, qhov dav ntawm 1-3 hli. Rau tsev soldering ntawm nyiaj hniav nyiaj hniav kub, nws yog undesirable siv compositions uas muaj cadmium. Cov hlau no ua rau muaj mob hnyav. Qhov taw tes soldering yog raug rau huab cua, oxides yog tsim. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim no, colophony (flux) yog siv hauv tsev soldering. Thaum melting silver solder, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau saib xyuas qhov sib faib ntawm cov flux saum npoo los kho. Yog tias koj muaj kev tsis ntseeg txog koj cov kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub theoretical ntawm cov txheej txheem soldering, nws yog qhov zoo dua hu rau tus kws tshaj lij jeweler.
Nws tsis pom zoo kom siv cov tshuaj uas muaj cadmium hauv tsev, ua evaporationnws tsis zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv. Flux (colophonium) tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem oxidative thiab lwm yam tsis zoo. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nws yuav tsum tau muab faib ua tusyees saum npoo ntawm cov hlau.
Zoo kawg
Silver soldering yuav xav tau kev txawj tshwj xeeb thiab kev ua siab loj los ntawm tus tswv. Cov txiaj ntsig xav tau tsuas yog ua tau yog tias qhov flux, nyiaj solder raug xaiv raug. Cov nyiaj npib nyiaj tsis haum rau kev kho vaj tsev, vim tias qhov melting point yuav qis dua li ntawm cov khoom rov qab los. Tsis haum rau kev ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom sib xyaw uas muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug nrog cov nyiaj ntshiab. Qhov no yuav ua rau lub solder to thaum lub sij hawm melting.